Deterrence And The Death Penalty - 3425 Words

Running head: Deterrence and the Deterrence and the Death Penalty Sherelle Gordon Virginia State University Deterrence and the Death Penalty The idea of capital punishment deterring crime is difficult to determine; some could rationalize that the death penalty should in theory stop potential murders from committing crimes. However, this rationalization has never been concretely proven. The research into capital punishment’s effect on deterrence is immense; however, the majority of research on this issue has differential findings. Although some research suggests conclusively that capital punishment deters crime, others found that it fails to do this. Understanding deterrence, the death penalty, and the results of†¦show more content†¦Beccaria suggested if the punishments were done immediately after the crime, then these punishments would make for a more effective legal system (as cited in Paternoster, 2010). According to Paternoster (2010), the majority of Beccaria’s original deterrence ideals concluded that self-interest to commit an offense could be stopped by legal punishments that are definite, relational, and immediate. Paternoster (2010), determined that Beccaria provided the rational authority with applied strategies to make legal systems more cogent and effective. However, according to Paternoster (2010), Beccaria fell short in providing a developed theory of crime or criminal conduct; he also failed to provide a theory of behavior other than the conception that offenses are motivated by self-interest. Alternatively, Paternoster (2010), suggested that Bentham displayed a more developed deterrence theory model of human conduct. Bentham identified that human behavior is directed by the pursuance of pleasure and the evasion of pain (as cited in Paternoster, 2010). Bentham’s pleasure principle is defined by the benefits; while the pain principle is the costs (as cited in Paternoster, 2010). Bentham specified four elements of pleasure and pain; physical, political, moral or popular, and religious (as

The Importance of Math Skills In Manufacturing Free Essays

The importance of mathematical skills is extremely evident in the field of manufacturing. In many cases, Jobs in manufacturing revolve around math and the skills that come along with It. Often the success of manufactured products depend on the correctness of several different fields of math that are used in the processes that take place in a plant. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Math Skills In Manufacturing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The financial success of a manufacturer can also often depend on mathematical skills. Between the quality of products and their production prices and all that goes along with creating a product, math is the center piece of manufacturing. In manufacturing, the quality of the products produced Is one aspect that really depends upon math. This is because measurements taken must be precisely taken or the product may be defective. Also calculations of quantities of something needing to be made have to be exact. This Is where the amount of profit made depends on mathematical skills, because if too much or to little of something is made It will hurt the profits made by that specific good. Because of this, whoever Is In charge of quantity in production must be good with taking in previous data and estimating hat’s needed. Often times skills with conversions are also required because of the diversity of measurements that could field, which is very common, one must have be knowledgeable with decimals, because often very small measurements are used along with the machines’ preciseness. Throughout the field of manufacturing, mathematical knowledge is an essential skill to have. It is crucial to be good with numbers and measurements if one wants to succeed in manufacturing. This comes into play throughout the field of manufacturing, because math is used so often in so many different instances for many different reasons during the process of The quality of the products produced rests on the correct measurements and calculations of what needs to cut or aligned or whatever the the case is. The prices of these products also often depends on math, because the right amount of goods have to be estimated or the price can be drastically affected, which can in turn have large affects on profits of the manufacturer. Truly, math skills will either make or break someone in the field of manufacturing, because it is so important to most Jobs in the field. How to cite The Importance of Math Skills In Manufacturing, Essays

Critical Evaluation of Evidence for Health- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCritical Evaluation of Evidence for Health Professionals. Answer: Introduction Health professionals should be well-informed with current knowledge to allow them to deliver effective care and remain professionally pertinent. Also, it is vital for care providers to investigate the quality of new evidence before application in practice. Nursing research allows nurses to embrace best practice and evidence-based practice (EBP). The primary role of EBP is to deliver the most effective care that is available, with the aim of promoting patient outcome. This role is buttressed by the fact that clients expect to receive the best care based on the present evidence. EBP promotes a culture of inquiry in healthcare professional. It also promotes patient safety, improves clinical outcomes and minimises variation in patient outcomes (Boswell Cannon, 2015). Nurses thus require critical appraisal skills as well as tools to advance their practice. Critical evaluation skills help users to determine which evidence is authoritative for use in practice. This assignment will evaluate the evidence presented in two articles on the use of stimulants to improve academic performance. Part B will discuss the barriers to the application of evidence in practice and how closely the articles adhere to the PICO elements. Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 Authorship The authors are better placed to explore this topic due to their qualification and experience of working in the university. Hildt is an expert in philosophy and heads neuroethics research groups. Besides, her focus and interest is neurophilosophy, neuroethics and human genetics (Illes Sahakian, 2013). Her knowledge in this area allows a better understanding of the human brain, principles of thoughts and conscience (Rabadan, 2015). Hildt is affiliated to the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. Lieb and Franke are experts in psychiatry and psychotherapy. Based on their expertise, these authors understand mental illnesses and prescriptions. Both authors are affiliated to University Medical Centre where they work in the department of psychiatry and psychotherapy. The three authors declared that they have no competing interest in relation to the topic of study. Research aims The study aimed to investigate the students experience and the effects of the use of prescription and illicit stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines. Their research questions were: Why are stimulants used in academic contexts either by students and other persons? What are the impacts? Does the usage of stimulants in academic contexts offer benefits? How are students life affected? What are the side-effects encountered? (Hildt, Lieb, Franke, 2014).The authors noted that there was lack of evidence-based data about the circumstantial factors as well as the real world impacts of academic performance enhancement through the use of stimulant drugs. This argument was used to justify the need for study. Design The study used a sampling methodology, whereby 18 university students were involved. Only the participants who reported non-medical intake of illicit and prescription stimulants to improve academic performance were included in the study. A face-to-face interview was then conducted with a focus on the research questions. In a population, random sampling ensures that a subset (n) of the target population (N) is recruited. This method was appropriate for this study because the findings can be generalized (Bornstein, Jager Putnick, 2013). Also, the researchers can tailor the questions based on sociodemographic factors. Findings The findings answered the aim and research questions comprehensively. Based on the conclusion, students consider stimulants as beneficial for enhancing academic performance and leading an active life. Students indicated that they use stimulants to maximise time, enhance motivation and help in memorizing (Hildt, Lieb, Franke, 2014). On the effects of stimulants, the conclusion notes that there is inconsistency in the use of stimulants and academic performance. Strengths and weaknesses The primary strength of the study is the use of randomised sampling, which allows for the generalisation of results (Greenhalgh, Bidewell, Crisp, Lambros, Warland, 2017). Also, the right population was selected for this study. The major weakness of the research is coercion and undue influence over the student participating in the study. Students can offer informed consent in research; however, in a student-tutor relationship, it might be challenging to determine whether consent was sought. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi:https://ift.tt/2fDSHfZ Authorship The authors have expertise in diverse fields and can articulate the issue of the use of stimulants effectively. They integrated interdisciplinary knowledge to examine the topic. Both Munro and Weyandt are engaged in interdisciplinary neuroscience program and are affiliated with the University of Rhode Island. Marraccini, on the other hand, has expertise in medicine and is affiliated with several institutions including the University of Rhode Island. Oster specialises in psychology enabling them to understand the human brain and its functions. Oster is also affiliated with the University of Rhode Island. All the authors indicated that they did not have interests to disclose in relation to the study (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). Research aims The aim of their study was to analyse the relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) and executive functioning (EF) among college students. The authors hypothesised that students who have EF problems are likely to use NMUPS to enhance academic performance. Additionally, they hypothesised that NMUPS would facilitate the association between academic performance and EF (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). The authors justified the study by arguing that previous studies had not focused on the link between EF and NMUPS among college students. Design In this research, a convenience sample was selected from the eligible participants. Specifically, participants were recruited through email and Facebook web pages. A secure and encrypted site was used to allow the students deliver their feedback. The student demographic information was collected through questionnaires. A stimulant survey questionnaire (SSQ) was then used to quantify the extent of NMUPS (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). The SSQ was appropriate for the study because it consists of a self-reported part, which allows students to answer yes or no. In addition, BDEFS for adults was also used to evaluate the misuse of stimulants among the selected population. The BDEFS was effective because it is inexpensive and offers useful information on a facet of EF in everyday activities (Barkley, 2011). Findings The findings of this study supported only one hypothesis. Based on the results, students who had EF problems had higher chances of NMUPS than those without EF problems. Nevertheless, the findings failed to support the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between NMUPS and academic performance (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). Strengths and weaknesses The strength of this article is the focus on the relationship between EF and NMUPS only. This focus led to a comprehensive study that answers the hypothesis succinctly. The main weakness of the study was the use of a convenience sample, which limits the generalisation of the results. The barriers for the application of evidence in practice Several factors act as barriers to the implementation of research findings. The lack of enough time for searching and reading articles is a key barrier (Al-Kubaisi, Al-Dahnaim Salama, 2010). In one study, it was found that only 4.8 percent of nurses had read scientific articles weekly. This study also found that about 17.5 percent of all the nurses did not read scientific articles entirely (Oh, 2008). Based on the fact that clinical science databases are updated constantly, and illnesses, drugs and treatment techniques are constantly changing, failure to read scientific works is a serious thing. Another barrier is the lack of adequate time to execute new ideas. Nurses require enough time for research and implementation of clinical findings (Bahadori, Raadabadi, Ravangard, Mahaki, 2016). However, most nurses feel that their workload does not leave adequate time as well as energy to execute new ideas. This belief causes most nurses not to apply the evidence of research in practice. T ime management is thus an important barrier since implementing research evidence is time-consuming (Tacia, Biskupski, Pheley Lehto, 2015). The lack of enough facilities and equipment to apply new evidence is a barrier. Some healthcare institutions fail to provide the needed facilities to facilitate the application of findings. This factor leaves nurses with no proper setting to use the evidence drawn from their research. The lack of interest in research causes nurses fail to embrace empirical evidence in practice. Some nurses have a negative attitude towards research and thus do not appreciate new evidence. Additionally, nurses might lack the authority to change the techniques and patterns of care. These barriers are mainly individual factors although institutional factors play a fundamental role in the application of evidence in practice (Shifaza, Evans Bradley, 2014). How closely the research studies provided align with the PICO question/elements PICO is an acronym for population, intervention, comparison and outcome, a tool that is often used for inquiry search in health (Richardson-Tench, Taylor, Kermode, Roberts, 2016). In the PICO question, the population (P) is university performance, intervention (I) is stimulants and outcome (O) is academic performance. To determine how closely the research articles align with the PICO elements, there is a need to analyse their methods and methodology. The closeness of the article to the PICO is determined by the participants included in the study and interventions used. In the first article, Hildt and colleagues seem to deviate a bit from the PICO elements. The selected population in the study was right since only university students were included. Also, the intervention was right based on the PICO question because the authors focused on the use of stimulants only. However, the authors did not measure academic performance as the sole outcome. Instead, they focused on other outcomes such as general effects. The second article by Munro and colleagues was closely related to the PICO elements. The researchers did not seem to deviate from the PICO elements in the recruitment of participants and measuring of outcomes. In this research, Munro and colleagues recruited university students, focused on the use of stimulants and measured academic achievement as the only outcome. Conclusion As discussed in this assignment, the authors of the two articles strived to investigate the use of stimulants to improve academic performance. The articles seem to agree that university students use stimulants often. However, there is no evidence that stimulants improve academic performance. The two studies note that stimulants might improve awareness, memorisation and motivation, but may not improve direct academic performance. Wasim can use this evidence to determine if stimulants are related to high academic performance for university students. The student would realise that the use of smart drugs does not improve objective performance. The evidence provided by the two articles is authoritative since the authors know how the human brain functions. They are also affiliated with reputable universities and used primary data from university students who have been using stimulants. The other area of focus for this assignment was the barriers to the implementation of evidence in practic e. Most of the barriers arise from personal factors and can be addressed. Nurses require more knowledge on how to use scientific databases and time management skills for application of evidence in practice. References Al-Kubaisi, N.J., Al-Dahnaim, L. A. Salama, R. E. (2010). Knowledge, attitudes and practice of primary health care physicians towards evidence-based medicine in Doha, Qatar. East Mediterr Health J.16(11), 1189-1197. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21218744 Bahadori, M., Raadabadi, M., Ravangard, R., Mahaki, B. (2016). The barriers to the application of the research findings from the nurses perspective: A case study in a teaching hospital. Journal of education and health promotion, 5(1) 14. doi: 10.4103/2277-9531.184553 Barkley, R, A. (2011). The Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in developmental science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards. Developmental Review, 33(4), 357-370. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003 Boswell, C., Cannon, S. (2015). Introduction to nursing research. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Greenhalgh, T.M., Bidewell, J., Crisp, E., Lambros, A., Warland, J. (2017). Understanding research methods for evidence-based practice in health 1e Wileyplus learning space Wiley e-text powered by Vitalsource. Wiley. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/2xjnxVh 1ACUsearch_scope=61ACU_Alltab=61acu_alllang=en_US Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 Illes, J., Sahakian, B. J. (Eds.). (2013). Oxford handbook of neuroethics. Oxford University Press. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi:https://ift.tt/2fDSHfZ Oh, E. G. (2008). Research activities and perceptions of barriers to research utilization among critical care nurses in Korea. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 24(5), 314-322. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2007.12.001 Rabadn, A. T. (2015). Neuroethics scope at a glance. Surgical neurology international, 6, 183. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.171249 Richardson-Tench, M., Taylor, B., Kermode, S., Roberts, K. (2016). Inquiry in health care (5th [ACU] ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning. Shifaza, F., Evans, D., Bradley, H. (2014). Nurses Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Implement EBP in Maldives. Advances in Nursing, 2014. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/698604 Tacia, L., Biskupski, K., Pheley, A., Lehto, R. H. (2015). Identifying barriers to evidence-based practice adoption: A focus group study. Clinical Nursing Studies, 3(2), 90-96. doi 10.5430/cns.v3n2p90

Mother Courage And Her Children By Brecht Essays -

Mother Courage And Her Children By Brecht In 1939, on the eve of the Nazi Holocaust, the great German playwright Bertolt Brecht wrote Mother Courage and Her Children. For the setting of his play, he chose the Thirty Years' War, the senseless 17th century European conflict that pitted Protestants against Catholics and laid waste to whole lands and peoples. Spanning the years 1618-1648, it was the most destructive war in European history until modern times. It was a war which seemingly no one wanted but which no one could stop once it had gained its brutal momentum. The play came too late to be of consequence in World War Two, but it has played to great effect on the world stage ever since, becoming Brecht's most popular work after The Threepenny Opera. Mother Courage herself has become a theatre archetype of the indomitable, irrepressible human spirit. For all its epic scope--rolling through Sweden, Poland, Saxony, Bavaria and Alsace--the play is an intensely personal journey. It centers on a woman, Mother Courage, who owns a rolling canteen wagon and who follows the war selling victuals and sundries to its troops. She is an earthy peasant, a hearty cynic who profits from slaughter, and who actually fears that peace may break out. Mother Courage knows no loyalty but to her business and to her family whom she tries to protect from the ravages of the carnage. Eventually, the war exacts its pound of flesh, its payment for her long feeding upon it. One by one, all her children become fodder for the ravenous maw of the conflict, victims of the very virtues which she has instilled in them for survival. This is a deeply human play. Mother Courage embodies the best, and worst, of all of us in similar circumstances. With a single mindedness that produces real heroism, she negotiates the wake of the war. Ruthless, fiercely selfish, clever and conniving in defense of her small moveable turf, she is completely understandable. In her bawdy humor, tenderness and rue, she is utterly human and sympathetic. In the end, like in any tragedy, it is her great will and indomitable spirit which is both her ruin and her triumph.

New Deal (yes) essays

New Deal (yes) essays The New Deal was a plan that took action in the 1930s to counteract the crisis of the depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected during this time and brought ideas that he had while serving as the governor of New York. The biggest achievements of the New Deal were the unemployment rate went down, the economy stabilized, and the country abandoned the gold standard. With the New Deal President Roosevelt established many new organizations whose sole purpose was creating jobs for the unemployed. These companies became known as alphabet agencies because they were often known by their initials. The largest of these was the Consumer Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC created jobs like raking leaves in parks and digging ditches so that people would have an annual source of income. Another Big organization was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The TVA produced hydroelectric power plants that are still in use today. With these companies the unemployment rate dropped from 25% to nearly 15% during the years of the depression. The decrease of unemployment helped to stabilize the economy. With people having more money, they were able to spend it on personal luxuries that helped boost the economy by creating more need for jobs. During the depression many companies that had made millions in the twenties were struggling. The Ford Company had become very powerful but their prices were becoming unreasonably high. General Motor Company helped bring the price of cars down by creating competition with Ford. Many other companies struggled during this time, but they survived with the New Deals help and were able to stay afloat until World War II. Another great achievement of the New Deal was President Roosevelts decision to remove the country form the gold standard. The fold standard based the value of a dollar on the weight of gold. Abandoning this standard stabilized the value of currency. Wit ...

Change the Culture of an Organisation Essay Example for Free

Change the Culture of an Organisation Essay The culture of an organization can be defined by the ‘way they do things’, this means the way they make decisions, operate and how they choose and achieve their objectives. As culture is a set of values and practices, changing it may be difficult and a long process, especially if the change is organized by a new chief executive. Changing the culture of an organization may not be easy especially if the new chief executive does not fully understand the previous culture and therefore does not embrace it in the change. This lack of knowledge may result in an inappropriate culture being chosen that could limit the company’s performance as productivity reduces. An example of a badly imposed culture can been seen with the Chrysler and Damier-Benz merge in 1998. Damier-Benz imposed their traditional and structured German culture on the free-spirited American car company Chrysler. The extremely different cultures created tension that later affected their efficiency as decision-making took longer and the workforce were not happy. The inappropriate culture resulted in a loss of $1.5 billon by 2006. In 2011, the new chief executive of Tesco, Phillip Clarke, also made a cultural change which proved unsuccessful. He proposed a strategy to change Tesco’s brand image to be known for â€Å"highly valued brands† as opposed to their cheaper â€Å"Value† products. The decrease in popular promotion deals such as vouchers and meal deals reduced their sales revenue and share value which fell by 15% by the end of 2011. This suggests that Clarke failed to identify Tesco’s main source of competitively. Therefore, both examples show that cultural changes may be difficult as the new chief executives lack knowledge and experience in the company. Culture change also takes a long time, especially as traditions and values are set. A prime example of this is with Sony. Sony is a Japan-based company who prides themselves in adopting a traditional Japanese business culture. Examples of their culture can be seen with their clear line of authority and their strong belief in respect. However, Sony’s reducing performance and the fast changing world alarmed the new chief executive, Howard Stringer, to change the culture to one that embraces change. Although proposals to change the culture were made in 2007, Sony’s culture has still not fully transformed which is reflected in their still low competitively. Therefore, it may still take some time for Sony to fully embrace an innovative culture as their Japanese culture has largely influenced the organization. It also took a long time for Marks & Spencer to introduce higher levels of technology, such as a stock control system, as they are said to have a ‘backward culture’. This is because they don’t embrace change and are led by system and procedures. These examples provide evidence that change in a business’s culture may not be done quickly as the organization is accustomed to the previous culture. However, changing a company’s culture can be easy if the new chief executive conducts the change in an appropriate manner. As culture change will have a direct impact on stakeholders, it is important for the new chief executive to inform all stakeholders of the changes and to also encourage feedback. The loss of the innovative leader of Apple, Steve Jobbs created much anxiety about the new CEO Tim Cook. Stakeholders feared Cook would change the company and reject all Jobbs practices especially as the two leaders have different personalities. The media worsened the situation with continuous negative press coverage which resulted in a decrease in consumer confidence as well as Apple’s share price. Although Jobbs had planned to make some strategic changes to the company’s practices, he reassured stakeholders by stating that â€Å"Apple will not change†. He also identified these new strategies and their benefits in a press release which justified his decisions and satisfied stakeholders. The newfound trust of stakeholders will enable Apple’s cultural change to be easier and happen more quickly. In view of the above, I believe that it is not easy to change the culture of a business, as the current practices are custom to the organization; this also suggests that the change will be quite a process and therefore won’t be done quickly. This situation is worsened as the chief executive is new and won’t have the necessary knowledge and understanding of the business to enable a smooth and quick transition. However, the ability for the new chief executive to change the business’s culture quickly and easily is highly dependant upon the reaction of the stakeholders. For example, BP’s customers may react positively as the new culture will increase the company’s responsiveness to customers. Shareholders may also react positively as the increase of innovation should increase BP’s competitive advantage which could increase the company’s value and share price. However, the increase in innovation may pose a threat the employees as management will expect higher quality and the need for more qualified personnel may be necessary. Therefore, support from stakeholders will encourage an easier and quickly transformation whereas negativity will not. The skills of the workforce is also important as if they are innovative the cultural change will happen faster. However, Sony is in a creative industry and their strategy to increase innovation still took a long time. This suggests that attitudes and beliefs of the workforce are also important. An easy change is also depend upon the new executives approach, is it forceful or flexible? Damier-Benz’s forceful approach result in a large amount of tension that slowed the change and resulted in a financial loss. Change the Culture of an Organisation. (2017, Feb 04).

Section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 - Essay Example Nevertheless, the uncertainty of what constitutes terrorism under international law has manifested at national level with difficulty in distinguishing between state and non-state terrorism (Williamson, 2009). In considering whether the acts in the current scenario constitute acts of terrorism, this paper will consider the position under UK law, with specific reference to the Terrorism Act 2000. Section 1(2) of the Terrorism Act 2000 provides that an act of â€Å"terrorism† includes any act that includes the following â€Å"(a) involves serious violence against a person, (b) involves serious damage to a property, (c) endangers a person’s life, other than that of a person committing the action; (d) creates a serious risk to the health and safety of the public or a section of the public, or (e) is designed to seriously interfere with or seriously to disrupt an electronic system† (Section 1(2) of the Terrorism Act 2000). ... o, the group of individuals are part of â€Å"Abort Abortion† and whilst they are not listed as a proscribed organisation under Schedule 2 of the Terrorism Act 2000, the individual acts may nevertheless constitute acts of terrorism under section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and this paper shall consider each act in turn. 2 Alison’s liability for sending photos of aborted foetuses to the doctors who have been previously targeted. Alison’s campaign of sending the photos to the doctors whilst unpleasant hasn’t caused serious damage to person or property and it will difficult for this conduct to fall within the other sections of section 1(2) to constitute an act of terrorism under the Terrorism Act 2000. Additionally, the photos have been sent merely as a reminder of the horrors of abortion, with no specific threat. However, it is possible that Alison could face liability for harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. Section 1(1) of the Protecti on from Harassment Act 1997 provides that individuals must not engage in conduct which: a) Amounts to harassment of another; and b) Which they know or ought to objectively know constitutes harassment (Section 1(1) of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997). The test for determining harassment is objective and Section 2(1) of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 provides that if an individual’s act constitutes harassment in line with the section 1(1) definition, the conduct will constitute a criminal offence. If we apply this by analogy to the current scenario, it is evident that the photos have been sent to the doctors before and that they have been targeted. The images are disturbing and as the photos have been sent repeatedly, there are strong grounds for Alison’s conduct constituting harassment under